The church at Ephesus has forsaken its first love (2:4); the church at Sardis, despite its glowing reputation, is dead (3:1); the church at Laodicea is lukewarm and arrogant (3:15–17). The extent to which these problems are bound up with the preceding considerations is unknown and, in a sense, moot: the churches cannot get themselves off the hook by blaming others for their shortcomings. An overall assessment of the situation of the seven churches in John’s day is not a pretty sight. Pressures to
Page 8